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Hans Ludwig Larsen (né Lewy, 1892-1937), an inland shipping magnate and noted collector of Old Master paintings, was born in Berlin to the Jewish couple Isaac and Margerete Lewy (née Cohen). He had one sister, Else Luise Lewy (1895–1953). After his marriage, he settled with his Austrian-born wife Susanne (née Menzel, 1911-2001) in the town of Wassenaar in the southern Netherlands between Leiden and The Hague. They had two children, Harald Eduard (1933–1987) and Ingrid Louise (1935–1985).
In 1923, after a chance encounter with two young chemists in Amsterdam, Hans Larsen co-founded the shipping company Wijgula (Wijnhoff & Van Gulpen & Larsen, B.V.) which operated along the Rhine. In its early years, Wijgula focused on the transportation of sulphuric acid and other chemical substances, and it remains one of the world's leading inland tank-barging companies, now based in Druten in the Netherlands and owned by HGK Shipping.
The success of Wijgula provided Larsen with the means to nurture his interest in Old Master paintings. His exceptional collection of Dutch and Flemish works was shaped above all, however, by his refined taste and connoisseurship. He must have spent a great deal of time exploring the works on offer at the numerous galleries devoted to Dutch art in and around his home, such as Kunsthandel P. de Boer in the heart of Amsterdam and Firma D. Katz in Dieren. Contemporary taste for Dutch and Flemish 16th- and 17th-century art — exemplified notably by the collection of the great scholar and connoisseur Frits Lugt — favoured small-scale, exquisitely refined cabinet pictures, which could easily by displayed and enjoyed in the intimacy of a private home. Within these general parameters Larsen, like Lugt, assembled a wide-ranging collection that included fine examples by lesser-known artists, such as a delicate portrait by Jacob Esselens, in addition to important works by more familiar names, including a winter view from 1626 by Jan van Goyen.
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Hans Larsen died in 1937 at the age of only 45. Susanne Larsen managed to acquire Dutch citizenship for herself and her two children in 1939 and, because of the threat posed by the Nazi regime just across the border, they left the Netherlands for the United States later that year. Before she left the country that had been her home for many years, Susanne loaned one sculpture and 31 paintings from her late husband’s estate to the De Lakenhal Museum in Leiden.
These works and the rest of the Larsen collection that remained in the Netherlands were viewed as Feindvermögen (enemy property) after the German invasion of the country in May 1940. The Larsen collection, including the works still on loan at De Lakenhal, was placed under the administration of the German-appointed Verwalter (administrator) M.H.H. Franssen (1903–1987). Franssen was a Dutch lawyer and former army captain who would be appointed to act as Verwalter liquidating a range of organisations and political parties that did not conform to Nazi ideology and fell foul of the new regime. Franssen also liquidated more than one Dutch-Jewish estate besides Larsen’s.
In late 1942, Franssen arranged for the retrieval of the artworks that had been given on loan by Susanne to the De Lakenhal, with the intention of having them sold at public auction at Van Marle & Bignell in Amsterdam. Before the auction could take place, however, 12 of the works were purchased privately on 14 January 1943 by Dr Erhard Göpel, one of Adolf Hitler’s buyers for the Sonderauftrag Linz (Special Commission Linz). All the works of art that were acquired throughout Nazi Europe for the proposed Führermuseum were photographed to be included in special presentation albums for Hitler’s approval. Some of the Larsen works can be found in the surviving copies of those albums (Figs. 4,6 & 9). The remaining Larsen works from De Lakenhal went into the auction at Van Marle & Bignell on 25 January 1943.
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Hans Larsen died in 1937 at the age of only 45. Susanne Larsen managed to acquire Dutch citizenship for herself and her two children in 1939 and, because of the threat posed by the Nazi regime just across the border, they left the Netherlands for the United States later that year. Before she left the country that had been her home for many years, Susanne loaned one sculpture and 31 paintings from her late husband’s estate to the De Lakenhal Museum in Leiden.
These works and the rest of the Larsen collection that remained in the Netherlands were viewed as Feindvermögen (enemy property) after the German invasion of the country in May 1940. The Larsen collection, including the works still on loan at De Lakenhal, was placed under the administration of the German-appointed Verwalter (administrator) M.H.H. Franssen (1903–1987). Franssen was a Dutch lawyer and former army captain who would be appointed to act as Verwalter liquidating a range of organisations and political parties that did not conform to Nazi ideology and fell foul of the new regime. Franssen also liquidated more than one Dutch-Jewish estate besides Larsen’s.
In late 1942, Franssen arranged for the retrieval of the artworks that had been given on loan by Susanne to the De Lakenhal, with the intention of having them sold at public auction at Van Marle & Bignell in Amsterdam. Before the auction could take place, however, 12 of the works were purchased privately on 14 January 1943 by Dr Erhard Göpel, one of Adolf Hitler’s buyers for the Sonderauftrag Linz (Special Commission Linz). All the works of art that were acquired throughout Nazi Europe for the proposed Führermuseum were photographed to be included in special presentation albums for Hitler’s approval. Some of the Larsen works can be found in the surviving copies of those albums (Figs. 4,6 & 9). The remaining Larsen works from De Lakenhal went into the auction at Van Marle & Bignell on 25 January 1943.
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Nine paintings that been destined for the proposed Führermuseum were recommended for restitution to the Larsen heirs by the Dutch Restitutiecommissie (Restitutions Committee) in 2009. These works had been recuperated by the Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives Section (the ‘Monuments Men’, MFAA) from the salt mines at Altaussee in Austria, where they had been taken for safekeeping by the Nazis at some point after Dr Göpel had acquired them for the Führermuseum. The nine paintings were later transferred by the MFAA to the Munich Central Collecting Point in the summer and autumn of 1945. From there, they were repatriated to the Netherlands in the spring and summer of 1946 and given over to the custody of the Stichting Nederlandsch Kunstbezit (SNK, Netherlands Art Property Foundation). A further two paintings — part of the larger group of Larsen estate property offered at auction at Van Marle & Bignell in 1943 — were restituted to the Larsen heirs in 2009, having followed a very similar post-war path to the other nine paintings.
This group of restituted Larsen works was subsequently offered in Christie’s Old Master Paintings auction in New York in June 2014.
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